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Gun cameras are mounted on a gun, used to photograph or record from its perspective. They are typically used on the weapons of military aircraft and operate either when the gun is fired or at the operator's will. Gun cameras are used for training, analysis, or documentation purposes.
During World War II gun cameras were commonly used on operational aircraft to record kills of enemy aircraft. Many photographs and videos from gun cameras, such as those filmed by USAAF flying ace Lieutenant Colonel Jack T. Bradley, survive to this day and are often used as stock footage.
During World War Two, America's Army Air Forces and Navy aircraft used gun cameras made by Fairchild in Jamaica, NY. Fairchild's first designs were produced in 1932; by 1938 their camera's form was much the same as the models produced during the war. Weighing 3-1/2 pounds, loaded with 50 feet of 16mm film, Fairchild's gun camera was 6x3-1/2x2-1/2 inches in size and built of case-hardened steel. Containing a built-in heating unit, it was capable of operation at temperatures from +165 to -65 degrees celsius."A Camera Built for War: Fairchild Instrument Makes Aerial Movies." Movie Makers 19:10 (October 1944), 392, 404.
Gun cameras technically still exist in modern fighter aircraft and attack helicopters, though they are typically no longer their own separate devices; rather, they are often built into Targeting pod, and are able to record footage without the pilot or crew having to fire.
The cameras are typically installed in the nose of the plane, on the nose-mounted gun (if one is there), or occasionally on the side or in a wing to provide a clearer view. According to USAF General Robin Olds, a triple ace of World War II, the Lockheed P-38 Lightning's gun camera was mounted directly below the aircraft's Hispano M2 20 mm autocannon, which shook the camera whenever they were fired, making the footage they filmed illegible. In 1944, when Olds was a USAAF fighter pilot, he did not report a battle with two Focke-Wulf Fw 190s, as his gun camera footage was too shaky to confirm the kills; however, a nearby fighter group that witnessed the dogfight confirmed the kills for him.
On older aircraft, tail gunner turrets, or trainer aircraft, gun cameras replace the gun itself, allowing for simulated gunnery practice without actually using a real gun or ammunition.
To track the weapon's fire, the guns the cameras are mounted to often use tracer ammunition; the images or footage produced by the camera also tend to have overlaid Reticle.
Firearm cameras are typically used by law enforcement to provide clearer images than body cameras, which can be blocked by the arm or weapon while aiming. According to Viridian Weapon Technologies, a company that manufactures gun cameras, "more than 500 agencies across 47 states" were in the process of testing or adopting firearm cameras as of 2020. Though police said firearm cameras would allow for better police accountability, the American Civil Liberties Union questioned their effectiveness, stating that it would only record police brutality incidents where the officer drew their weapon, and that even in those incidents, the context leading up to the officer's weapon being drawn would not be captured.
Some gun cameras allow the user to see around corners, such as the camera installed in the CornerShot. In this case, they are more similar to holographic weapon sights or tactical Fiberscope than a traditional gun camera.
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